Electric Flux

Let us learn about "Electric Flux"

A clever way to calculate the electric field from a charged conductor is to use Gauss' Law, which is explained in Appendix D in the textbook. Gauss' Law can be tricky to apply, though, so we won't get into that. What we will do is to look at some implications of Gauss' Law. It's also a good time to introduce the concept of flux. This is important for deriving electric fields with Gauss' Law, which you will NOT be responsible for; where it'll really help us out is when we get to magnetism, when we do magnetic flux.

Electric flux is a measure of the number of electric field lines passing through an area. To calculate the flux through a particular surface, multiply the surface area by the component of the electric field perpendicular to the surface. If the electric field is parallel to the surface, no field lines pass through the surface and the flux will be zero. The maximum flux occurs when the field is perpendicular to the surface.

Electric flux is the number of electric field lines penetrating a surface or passing through a surface.

In our next blog we shall learn about balance equation calculator

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Generators and motors

Let us learn what are Generators and motors,
Generators and motors

Generators and motors are applications of electromagnetic
induction. Figure illustrates a simple electric generator.



A simple electric generator.

The crank represents a mechanical method of turning the loop of wire in a magnetic field. The change in magnetic flux through the loop generates an induced current; thus, the generator converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. The operation of a motor is similar to that of a generator but in reverse. The motor has similar physical components except that the electric current supplied to the loop exerts a torque, which turns the loop. The motor, therefore, converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.
Hope the above explanation was useful.

Ammeters and Voltmeters

Galvanometers, ammeters, and voltmeters :

The torque on a current loop in a magnetic field provides the basic principle of the galvanometer, a sensitive current-measuring device. A needle is affixed to a current coil—a set of loops. The torque gives a certain deflection of the needle, which is dependent upon the current, and the needle moves over a scale to allow a reading in amperes.

An ammeter is a current-measuring instrument constructed from a galvanometer movement in parallel with a resistor. Ammeters are manufactured to measure different ranges of current. A voltmeter is constructed from a galvanometer movement in series with a resistor. The voltmeter samples a small portion of the current, and the scale provides a reading of potential difference—volts—between two points in the circuit.

Hope the above explanation helped you.

Measurement of Temperature

Measurements of Temperature is a physical quantity and hence, measurable. In fact in SI system, temperature is a fundamental physical quantity.

By our bodily sensation, we can say which object is hot and which is cold. But such a decision about temperature is not reliable. For example, place your right hand in hot water and left hand in cold water. After a few minutes, place both of your hands in water at room temperature. Now the same water appears cold for right hand and hot for left hand.

Measurement of temperature is a very important factor in various scientific experiments. The science of measurement of temperature is known as thermometry. The devices used to measure temperatures are known as thermometers

Heat and Temperature -

Heat energy is present in every object above absolute zero. How do we know that heat is present in every object? Temperature of the body is an indication.

(Absolute zero is the lowest temperature possible and is equal to -273^oC).

Are heat and temperature one and the same?

No. They are different. Heat is a form of energy and temperature represents the degree of hotness of a body. We can say, 'Heat is the cause and temperature is the effect'.

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Explain Capillary waves

Let us learn what is capillary waves,
A wave occurring at the interface between two fluids, such as the interface between air and water on oceans and lakes, in which the principal restoring force is controlled by surface tension.
A water wave of less than 1.7 centimeters. Also known as capillary ripple.

Surfaces of liquids are decorated with thermally activated capillary waves. Their amplitudes are on the order of angstroms. Many X-ray scattering experiments, which show the unambiguous fingerprints of capillary waves on liquid surfaces, have been performed in the past. These experiments, however, have tested the static time-averaged structure rather than the dynamics of the surface fluctuations. This is due to the major drawback that conventional X-ray sources are essentially incoherent, which renders the direct measurement of dynamics impossible. With high-brilliance third-generation sources it has become possible to obtain intense X-ray beams possessing a high degree of coherence. Such beams are produced by selecting the coherent part of the impinging radiation from an otherwise incoherent beam using micrometre-sized pinholes. These coherent beams make photon correlation spectroscopy with X-rays (XPCS) possible.
Hope the above explanation helped you.

ELASTIC BEHAVIOR OF MATERIALS

Let us study about elastic behavior of materials,
When a real material is studied at progressively diminishing scales, it is usually found to exhibit a
variation in properties from point to point. This variation is called structure. The term is often used with reference to a certain scale, e.g., atomic structure, microstructure, etc. The mechanical response of material to loading depends on its structure, and a large section of materials science is devoted to the analysis of this dependence. However, some fundamental aspects of mechanical behavior can be understood very well if the material is considered to be structureless,
a solid continuum. Solids respond to applied external loads by developing internal forces. If an imaginary section through the solid is considered, the components of internal force acting on a unit elemental area are called stresses.

Under the action of stresses solids deform, so that the distances between points change. However, provided the stresses are sufficiently small, the solid recovers its original shape and volume once the load is removed. This type of behavior is called elastic. Continuum elasticity considers the consequence of atomic interactions in solids, but disregards their nature. The
atomic aspects of elastic deformation are considered in Elastic BehaŠior of Materials: Physical Basis. Nonelastic behavior is manifested in residual deformation persisting after load removal, and often gives rise to residual stress. Under very low loads, deformation is found to be proportional to stress. The case of linear continuum elasticity is the main subject of this article. First, the foundations of stress and strain are laid out in the infinitesimal limit. Then simple forms of the elastic equations for isotropic bodies are introduced using
Lame!'s constants, as well as Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio.
Hope the above explanation helped you.

Accelaration due to gravity of the earth

Let us learn what is accelaration due to gravity of the earth,
The earth can be imagined to be a sphere made of a large number of concentric spherical shells
with the smallest one at the centre and the largest one at its surface. A point outside the
earth is obviously outside all the shells. Thus, all the shells exert a gravitational force at the
point outside just as if their masses are concentrated at their common centre according
to the result stated in the last section. The total mass of all the shells combined is just the mass
of the earth. Hence, at a point outside the earth, the gravitational force is just as if its entire mass
of the earth is concentrated at its center. For a point inside the earth, the situation is different. This is illustrated in Fig.The mass m is in a mine located at a depth d below the surface of the Earth of mass ME and radius RE. We treat the Earth to be spherically symmetric.
Again consider the earth to be made up of concentric shells as before and a point mass m situated at a distance r from the centre. The point P lies outside the sphere of radius r. For
the shells of radius greater than r, the point P lies inside. Hence according to result stated in
the last section, they exert no gravitational force on mass m kept at P. The shells with radius ≤ r
make up a sphere of radius r for which the point
P lies on the surface.
Hope the above explanation helped you,Now let us learn the laws of gravity.